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Battle of Achelous (917)
The Battle of Achelous or Acheloos ((ブルガリア語:Битката при Ахелой), (ギリシア語:Μάχη του Αχελώου)),〔Haldon (1999), p. 212〕 also known as the Battle of Anchialus,〔Stephenson (2004), p. 23〕 took place on 20 August 917, on the Achelous river near the Bulgarian Black Sea coast, close to the fortress Tuthom (modern Pomorie) between Bulgarian and Byzantine forces. The Bulgarians obtained a decisive victory which not only secured the previous successes of Simeon I but made him ''de facto'' a ruler of the whole Balkan Peninsula excluding the well-protected Byzantine capital Constantinople and the Peloponnese.
The battle was one of the worst disasters that ever befell a Byzantine army, and conversely one of the greatest military successes of Bulgaria.〔Haldon (2008), p. 92〕 Among the most significant consequences was the official recognition of the Imperial title of the Bulgarian monarchs, and the consequent affirmation of Bulgarian equality vis-à-vis Byzantium.
==Background==
After the Bulgarian victory in the War of 894–896 the Byzantines were forced to pay tribute to Tsar Simeon I of Bulgaria. In 912 when the Byzantine emperor Leo VI died, his brother Alexander refused to pay tribute to the Bulgarians. Simeon saw an opportunity to wage a new war and fulfill his ambitions to conquer Constantinople. Alexander died in the same year and the new government under the Patriarch Nicholas Mystikos made desperate attempts to avoid the war, promising that the infant Emperor Constantine VII would marry one of Simeon's daughters.〔Nicolaus Patriarcha. Epistolae, ep. 8, col. 61C-68C〕 At some point, the patriarch and Simeon even met outside the walls of Constantinople, performing a coronation ceremony. Thereafter, Simeon began using the title "Tsar of the Bulgarians", and the Greek title ''basileus'' in his seals.〔Stephenson (2004), p. 22〕
After a plot in the Byzantine court in 914 however, the new regent Zoe, Constantine's mother, rejected the marriage. In answer the Bulgarians raided Eastern Thrace. Adrianople opened its gates to Simeon in September 914,〔Theophanes Continuatus. Chronographia, p. 387〕〔Leo Grammaticus. Chronographia, p. 293–294〕〔Pseudo-Simeon. Chronographia, p. 723〕 and its population recognised Simeon as their ruler,〔Островски, Г. Историја Византије, с.255〕 while the Byzantine army was occupied in the east.〔Georgius Monachus Continuatus. Chronicon, p. 805〕 In the next year the Bulgarian armies attacked the areas of Dyrrhachium and Thessalonica.〔Nicolaus Patriarcha. Epistolae, ep. 9, col. 76C〕
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